01395nas a2200181   4500008004100000245007900041210006900120260002300189490000700212520066600219653011600885100002401001700002801025700001601053700001501069700002001084856010901104       2025                        eng d00aPublic and Private School Grade Inflations Patterns in Secondary Education0 aPublic and Private School Grade Inflations Patterns in Secondary  bIZA working papers0 v253 a<p>We examine the extent of grade inflation in courses taken during high school and how such differences vary across student and school characteristics. Using administrative data, we assess grade inflation in Portuguese high schools over a decade. We propose a relative measure of grade inflation, comparing students’ high school grades to their national exam ranks. Examining various school types, we find that private schools tend to inflate grades more than their public school peers, particularly at the top of the ability distribution. A regional disaggregation indicates that the northern districts exhibit higher probabilities of grade inflation.</p>
10agrade inflation; grading standards; high school grading; postsecondary access equity; upper secondary education1 aSilva, Pedro, Luís1 aDesJardins, Stephen, L.1 aBiscaia, R.1 aSá, Carla1 aTeixeira, Pedro  uhttps://www.cipes.pt/public-and-private-school-grade-inflations-patterns-secondary-education?language=en