@article {Carvalho2025427,
	title = {Cross-border higher education and quality assurance: the role of international organisations},
	journal = {Quality Assurance in Education},
	volume = {33},
	number = {3},
	year = {2025},
	note = {Cited by: 0},
	pages = {427 {\textendash} 444},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Purpose: Over the years, International Organisations have started to look at Cross Border Higher Education (CBHE) with more attention, namely, at the impact and challenges entailed by this type of educational provision due to the emergence of low-quality offers and degree mills. This paper aims to discuss the role of these organisations in the development and promotion of CBHE and its quality assurance in Europe. Design/methodology/approach: This paper conducts interviews using a previously drafted guideline with top-level managers of seven relevant international organisations involved in quality assurance at European and international level, namely, INQAAHE, EUA, ENQA, ESU, EQAR, ECA and EURASHE. It analysed the data collected using a grid created through the articulation of the guidelines{\textquoteright} questions and the empirical data. Findings: The interviews{\textquoteright} content analysis indicated that these international organisations are important stakeholders in the development of CBHE quality assurance in Europe, particularly through the promotion of cooperation and trust between the different actors involved in it. These organisations can assume two different roles: a Technical-Professional Role and a Community Building Role. Originality/value: This work{\textquoteright}s originality stems from the fact that at least to our knowledge there is no other empirical work so far on the role and the views of different international organisations on the challenges CBHE entails for quality at the European level. {\textcopyright}, Emerald Publishing Limited.},
	doi = {10.1108/QAE-07-2024-0138},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85215088948\&doi=10.1108\%2fQAE-07-2024-0138\&partnerID=40\&md5=19258173f6011f86983f10195254d5d4}
}
@article {Carvalho2025472,
	title = {Cross-border higher education in Europe and the role of quality assurance agencies},
	journal = {Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education},
	volume = {50},
	number = {3},
	year = {2025},
	note = {Cited by: 1},
	pages = {472 {\textendash} 487},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {This article discusses the multiple challenges cross-border higher education (CBHE) in Europe faces nowadays, namely regarding the assurance of its quality. The views of a set of European quality assurance agencies are analysed to understand their role in assuring the quality of this type of educational provision. Empirically, the article is based on the material collected through interviews conducted with the responsible for quality assurance agencies from 10 European countries: Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. The results reveal that almost all quality assurance agencies have at least partial experience with CBHE provision, mainly related to the evaluation of joint-degree programmes offered by European higher education institutions. The cooperation between countries and agencies emerges as one of the main challenges to the development of a common tool to enhance CBHE, which could facilitate the quality assurance process for all stakeholders. {\textcopyright} 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.},
	doi = {10.1080/02602938.2024.2410300},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85206085057\&doi=10.1080\%2f02602938.2024.2410300\&partnerID=40\&md5=3855ae1e48f7aef7c584020f548da6ea}
}
@article {Carvalho2023695,
	title = {Cross-Border Higher Education and Quality Assurance. Results from a Systematic Literature Review},
	journal = {Journal of Studies in International Education},
	volume = {27},
	number = {5},
	year = {2023},
	note = {Cited by: 23; All Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access},
	pages = {695 {\textendash} 718},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {Internationalisation has gained prominence in debates on higher education and can be analysed from different perspectives, including cross-border higher education. Cross-border higher education entails relevant challenges, namely regarding its quality. This paper intends to discuss, based on a literature review, the link between cross-border higher education and quality assurance, namely the role quality assurance may have in contributing to a quality cross-border educational offer. 79 documents (indexed in Scopus or Web of Science) published between 1998 and 2019 were content analysed. The results show that both internal and external quality assurance are relevant topics when discussing cross-border higher education and a means to stimulate the overall quality of this educational offer. Moreover, to be effective, quality assurance must rely on cooperation and mutual trust between importing and exporting countries, including their quality assurance agencies. {\textcopyright} 2022 European Association for International Education.},
	doi = {10.1177/10283153221076900},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125936189\&doi=10.1177\%2f10283153221076900\&partnerID=40\&md5=ce503235a85298e90f2275ad6bd48501}
}
@article {4205,
	title = {Cross-border higher education and quality assurance. Results from a systematic literature review},
	journal = {Journal of Studies in Higher Education},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {695-718},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221076900},
	author = {Nathan Carvalho and M. Rosa and A. Amaral}
}
